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#+TITLE: Linux From Scratch
#+AUTHOR: Tony, btw
#+date: 2025-10-22
#+HUGO_TITLE: How to Install Linux from Scratch
#+HUGO_FRONT_MATTER_FORMAT: yaml
#+HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER: :image "/img/lfs.png" :showTableOfContents true
#+HUGO_BASE_DIR: ~/repos/tonybtw.com
#+HUGO_SECTION: tutorial/linux-from-scratch
#+EXPORT_FILE_NAME: index
#+OPTIONS: toc:nil broken-links:mark
#+HUGO_AUTO_SET_HEADLINE_SECTION: nil
#+DESCRIPTION: This is a slow, and painful tutorial on how to install linux from scratch in 2026. We go over the entire lfs book, from 0 to booting into our LFS system. A challenging, but educational and rewarding process.

* Intro
What's up guys, my name is Tony, and today, I'm gonna give you a slow and painful guide on installing Linux from Scratch.
* Chapter 1 - Introduction:
** Install Gentoo ISO

For the iso image, we're going to use the gentoo gui live cd, and drop into a tty immediatly, and ssh to it from another machine. This is because it will already have all of the required tools needed to compile all the software, and other than that it is relatively minimal.

** Setup ISO, and enable SSH

Let's boot into our Gentoo Live CD. I see this kde nonsense, lets just drop into a tty right on with Control Alt F2, and lets do a few things.

Let's begin by creating a root password on this machine, and switching to root, and enabling ssh. Now we check the ip here with ip a, and then we can ssh to it from our other machine.

#+begin_src sh
sudo passwd root
su
rc-service sshd start
ip a
#+end_src

ssh root@192.168.x.x

** Testing Versions:

We need to prepare for this by testing the versions of our toolchain. Let's run this script here on the lfs manual like so:

And here's the output:

#+begin_src sh
bash check-version.sh
OK:    Coreutils 9.7    >= 8.1
OK:    Bash      5.3.3  >= 3.2
OK:    Binutils  2.45   >= 2.13.1
OK:    Bison     3.8.2  >= 2.7
OK:    Diffutils 3.12   >= 2.8.1
OK:    Findutils 4.10.0 >= 4.2.31
OK:    Gawk      5.3.2  >= 4.0.1
OK:    GCC       14.3.1 >= 5.4
OK:    GCC (C++) 14.3.1 >= 5.4
OK:    Grep      3.12   >= 2.5.1a
OK:    Gzip      1.14   >= 1.3.12
OK:    M4        1.4.20 >= 1.4.10
OK:    Make      4.4.1  >= 4.0
OK:    Patch     2.8    >= 2.5.4
OK:    Perl      5.40.2 >= 5.8.8
OK:    Python    3.13.5 >= 3.4
OK:    Sed       4.9    >= 4.1.5
OK:    Tar       1.35   >= 1.22
OK:    Texinfo   7.2    >= 5.0
OK:    Xz        5.8.1  >= 5.0.0
OK:    Linux Kernel 6.12.47 >= 5.4
OK:    Linux Kernel supports UNIX 98 PTY
Aliases:
OK:    awk  is GNU
OK:    yacc is Bison
OK:    sh   is Bash
Compiler check:
OK:    g++ works
OK: nproc reports 12 logical cores are available
#+end_src

And we are ready to move on to the next step.
* Chapter 2 - Preparing the Host System:
** Create Partitions
This part might be familiar to those of you who have installed gentoo, arch, or even nix using the minimal iso. Let's hop into cfdisk and create our partitions.

lsblk will tell us what our disk is named. Mine is /dev/vda
Let's run cfdisk on /dev/vda, your disk might be named something else, such as /dev/sda
Let's select gpt for the label type because we are on a UEFI system.

For the partitions, let's create a 1G boot partition, a 4G swap partition, and the rest can be the root partition.

Lets write and quit here, and move on to creating the filesystems
#+begin_src
vda    252:0    0   50G  0 disk
├─vda1 252:1    0    1G  0 part
├─vda2 252:2    0    4G  0 part
└─vda3 252:3    0   45G  0 part
#+end_src

** Make Filesystems

Lets make those filesystems.

For the root partition:
For the boot partition:
And for that swap:
#+begin_src
mkfs.ext4 /dev/vda3
mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/vda1
mkswap /dev/vda2
#+end_src

#+begin_src
vda    252:0    0   50G  0 disk
├─vda1 252:1    0    1G  0 part
├─vda2 252:2    0    4G  0 part
└─vda3 252:3    0   45G  0 part
livecd ~ # mkfs.ext4 /dev/vda3
mke2fs 1.47.3 (8-Jul-2025)
Discarding device blocks: done
Creating filesystem with 11795968 4k blocks and 2949120 inodes
Filesystem UUID: cf482c8d-d5e7-4cd5-82b9-1fe1e21156e4
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
        4096000, 7962624, 11239424

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (65536 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

livecd ~ # mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/vda1
mkfs.fat 4.2 (2021-01-31)
livecd ~ # mkswap /dev/vda2
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4 GiB (4294963200 bytes)
no label, UUID=9ad48deb-4292-4267-95a3-0b189a8d2acd
livecd ~ #
#+end_src

Let's move on to mounting the filesystems.
** Exporting $LFS and confirming Umask:
So this is where we deviate from the arch installs, and what have you. We need to export the $LFS variable here mainly for convenience, because we will be referencing the path of $LFS throughout this installation.

So lets run

#+begin_src
export LFS=/mnt/lfs
#+end_src

And we need to ensure `umask` is set to `022` so that newly created files and directories are only writable by their owner, but are readable and searchable by anyone.

so lets run
#+begin_src sh
umask 022
#+end_src

And we look good here, we can echo $LFS and we see umask is correct. Let's create the filesystems.
** Mounting Partitions

Let's create the directory here for lfs and mount it. We can run
#+begin_src
mount --mkdir /dev/vda3 $LFS
#+end_src

And for our root partition:
#+begin_src sh
mount --mkdir /dev/vda1 $LFS/boot/efi
#+end_src

And lastly, for our swap:
#+begin_src
swapon /dev/vda2
#+end_src

We can confirm this worked with the following commands:
#+begin_src
livecd ~ # mount | grep vda
/dev/vda3 on /mnt/lfs type ext4 (rw,relatime)
/dev/vda1 on /mnt/lfs/boot/efi type vfat (rw,relatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=ascii,shortname=mixed,errors=remount-ro)
livecd ~ # lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
vda    252:0    0   50G  0 disk
├─vda1 252:1    0    1G  0 part /mnt/lfs/boot/efi
├─vda2 252:2    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]
└─vda3 252:3    0   45G  0 part /mnt/lfs
#+end_src

Following the book it suggests to chown the $LFS directory here:

#+begin_src
chown root:root $LFS
chmod 755 $LFS
#+end_src

And confirm with ls -la $LFS

#+begin_src
livecd ~ # ls -la $LFS
total 24
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root  4096 Oct 17 05:05 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root    60 Oct 17 05:03 ..
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root  4096 Oct 17 05:05 boot
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 04:48 lost+found
#+end_src

And it looks good to go! We are ready to move to Chapter 3. Sources.

* Chapter 3 - Packages and Patches:
** Sources:
We need to make a directory for the sources here, like so:
#+begin_src
mkdir -v $LFS/sources
#+end_src

And we need to make it 'sticky', so that even if any user can have write permissions on a directory, only the owner can delete a file within the directory. We can achieve this with:

#+begin_src
chmod -v a+wt $LFS/sources
#+end_src

Which will look like this:
#+begin_src
livecd ~ # mkdir -v $LFS/sources
mkdir: created directory '/mnt/lfs/sources'
livecd ~ # chmod -v a+wt $LFS/sources
mode of '/mnt/lfs/sources' changed from 0755 (rwxr-xr-x) to 1777 (rwxrwxrwt)
livecd ~ #
#+end_src

** Retrieve wget-list and md5sums

Let's cd into the sources directory here and download the sources.

#+begin_src
cd $LFS/sources
#+end_src

So we can grab all of the sources here from a wget list. let's wget the wget list (inception) like so: right click this link and copy link as, and do:

Let's also grab the md5sums so we can verify the download succeeded with no corrupted data like so:
#+begin_src
wget https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/12.4/wget-list-sysv
wget https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/stable/md5sums
#+end_src

And our ouput should look like this:
#+begin_src
livecd /mnt/lfs/sources # wget https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/12.4/wget-list-sysv
--2025-10-17 09:14:50--  https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/12.4/wget-list-sysv
Resolving www.linuxfromscratch.org... 208.118.68.85
Connecting to www.linuxfromscratch.org|208.118.68.85|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 6107 (6.0K)
Saving to: ‘wget-list-sysv’

wget-list-sysv                    100%[===========================================================>]   5.96K  --.-KB/s    in 0s

2025-10-17 09:14:50 (9.62 GB/s) - ‘wget-list-sysv’ saved [6107/6107]
#+end_src

** Grab All Packages from wget-list

So we can see what this wget list is by running less on it, and we see its just a list of urls with each package we need. So let's just download them here with this wget command:

And now for the fun part...
#+begin_src
wget --input-file=wget-list-sysv --continue --directory-prefix=$LFS/sources
#+end_src

This will iterate through the wget list and grab all the files in it. I will see you in a minute.

** Check md5sums:

Alright, looks like our wget command finished, so lets test the md5sums here, this will let us know if all of the packages are downloaded to, as well as confirm if any of them are corrupted or not.

#+begin_src
md5sum -c md5sums | less
#+end_src

#+begin_src
acl-2.3.2.tar.xz: OK
attr-2.5.2.tar.gz: OK
autoconf-2.72.tar.xz: OK
automake-1.18.1.tar.xz: OK
bash-5.3.tar.gz: OK
bc-7.0.3.tar.xz: OK
binutils-2.45.tar.xz: OK
bison-3.8.2.tar.xz: OK
bzip2-1.0.8.tar.gz: OK
coreutils-9.7.tar.xz: OK
dejagnu-1.6.3.tar.gz: OK
diffutils-3.12.tar.xz: OK
e2fsprogs-1.47.3.tar.gz: OK
elfutils-0.193.tar.bz2: OK
expat-2.7.1.tar.xz: OK
expect5.45.4.tar.gz: OK
file-5.46.tar.gz: OK
findutils-4.10.0.tar.xz: OK
flex-2.6.4.tar.gz: OK
flit_core-3.12.0.tar.gz: OK
gawk-5.3.2.tar.xz: OK
gcc-15.2.0.tar.xz: OK
gdbm-1.26.tar.gz: OK
gettext-0.26.tar.xz: OK
glibc-2.42.tar.xz: OK
gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz: OK
gperf-3.3.tar.gz: OK
grep-3.12.tar.xz: OK
groff-1.23.0.tar.gz: OK
grub-2.12.tar.xz: OK
gzip-1.14.tar.xz: OK
iana-etc-20250807.tar.gz: OK
#+end_src

As we see here, our md5sums are all verified, meaning we have all the necessary packages. The book recommends to change ownership of these files to root, but we are root so they are already owned by us. If you downloaded them as a non root user, just run this to be safe

#+begin_src
chown root:root $LFS/sources/*
#+end_src

We're ready to move onto Chapter 4.
* Chapter 4 - Final Preparations:
** Creating the LFS Filesystem
So we want to actually create the LFS filesystem here, so lets create some directories like so:
#+begin_src
mkdir -pv $LFS/{etc,var} $LFS/usr/{bin,lib,sbin}
#+end_src

Expected output:
#+begin_src
mkdir: created directory '/mnt/lfs/etc'
mkdir: created directory '/mnt/lfs/var'
mkdir: created directory '/mnt/lfs/usr'
mkdir: created directory '/mnt/lfs/usr/bin'
mkdir: created directory '/mnt/lfs/usr/lib'
mkdir: created directory '/mnt/lfs/usr/sbin'
#+end_src

And to create symlinks here:

#+begin_src
for i in bin lib sbin; do
  ln -sv usr/$i $LFS/$i
done
#+end_src

Expected output:
#+begin_src
'/mnt/lfs/bin' -> 'usr/bin'
'/mnt/lfs/lib' -> 'usr/lib'
'/mnt/lfs/sbin' -> 'usr/sbin'
#+end_src

And for the lib64 directory in my case (because I am on x86_64 technology)

#+begin_src
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac
#+end_src

Expected output:
#+begin_src
mkdir: created directory '/mnt/lfs/lib64'
#+end_src

And for the tools directory, we will use this to keep some of the temporary programs we will be compiling.
#+begin_src
mkdir -pv $LFS/tools
#+end_src

Expected output:
#+begin_src
mkdir: created directory '/mnt/lfs/tools'
#+end_src

And we're ready to add the LFS user.

** Adding LFS user:
We want an LFS user because running things as root could break our system, and if we do it as LFS, we dont risk nefariously affecting the host iso in any way.

So lets add the group and create the user like so:
#+begin_src
groupadd lfs
useradd -s /bin/bash -g lfs -m -k /dev/null lfs
#+end_src

And add a passwd so we can log in to it:

#+begin_src
passwd lfs
#+end_src

And we want lfs to have full access to all lfs directories so lets run:
#+begin_src
chown -v lfs $LFS/{usr{,/*},var,etc,tools}
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64) chown -v lfs $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac
#+end_src

Expected output:
#+begin_src
livecd /mnt/lfs/sources # chown -v lfs $LFS/{usr{,/*},var,etc,tools}
changed ownership of '/mnt/lfs/usr' from root to lfs
changed ownership of '/mnt/lfs/usr/bin' from root to lfs
changed ownership of '/mnt/lfs/usr/lib' from root to lfs
changed ownership of '/mnt/lfs/usr/sbin' from root to lfs
changed ownership of '/mnt/lfs/var' from root to lfs
changed ownership of '/mnt/lfs/etc' from root to lfs
changed ownership of '/mnt/lfs/tools' from root to lfs
livecd /mnt/lfs/sources # case $(uname -m) in
>   x86_64) chown -v lfs $LFS/lib64 ;;
> esac
changed ownership of '/mnt/lfs/lib64' from root to lfs
#+end_src

And we're ready to switch into our new user. We can ignore this warning here, since gentoo wont give us issues, but take a look at this warning if you are on a different host.
#+begin_src
su - lfs
#+end_src

And now we're LFS, so we are ready to setup the environment

** Setup Environment for lfs user
Let's create a bash profile like so:
#+begin_src
cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash
EOF
#+end_src

And as we see here, this will ensure that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into the build environment

And lets create the bashrc here like so:
#+begin_src
cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE
EOF
#+end_src

Main things here are setting +h which turns off the hashing feature, which we need to disable in order to force our shell to search for the proper path whenever a program is to be run. The rest of these options are things we already did previously such as umask, or exporting the LFS path, or can be explained here.

For this important block here, we dont need to do this on gentoo because the usrs environment is already clean of the /etc/bash.bashrc, but we can run it anyway to be safe. we have to run it as root, though, so lets do this:

#+begin_src
logout
[ ! -e /etc/bash.bashrc ] || mv -v /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc.NOUSE
su - lfs
#+end_src

No output means we are in the clear.

Now to update our makeflags to reflect our cpus. Our cpu has 12 logical cores, so we can use 12 instead of 32... or better yet we can just automatically use nproc to get the true value of logical cores and append it to our bashrc like so, and then source our bash_profile like so:

#+begin_src
cat >> ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
export MAKEFLAGS=-j$(nproc)
EOF

source ~/.bash_profile
#+end_src

** SBUs
This will be a unit that measures how long it takes to compile/install a package. We can use the time command to test that when we install Binutils Pass 1.
** Test Suites
And here it just says that test suites can't run in Chapters 5-6 because we're cross-compiling. We'll run them later when building inside the LFS chroot environment where we are agnostic to the host machine.
* Chapter 5 - Compiling a Cross Toolchain:
** Overview
First we compile a cross toolchain, then use it to build temporary tools, and finally install the permanent system. We separate these stages because cross-compilation prevents any dependencies on the host system, ensuring a clean, self-contained build.

To build these tools, its going to be a 3 step method:

1. untar the source tarball
2. follow instructions on lfs book to install tool
3. cd back into sources and clean it up

We will repeat this process over 100 times in lfs, so I'll go slow for the first few and as soon as I finish 3-4 of them, you will sort of understand the pattern here.

I'll also do my best to explain what each tool is, and thats the real benefit of LFS in my opinion, you learn what ever tool on your system is and what it does.

So let's jump straight into Binutils.

** Binutils-2.45 - Pass 1

The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object files.

Some of the binutils you may be familiar with are:
strings, size, strip.

This will be a pattern we see.. extract the tool, cd into it, and run the commands from the handbook to create/compile the tool.

#+begin_src
cd $LFS/sources
tar -xvf binutils
cd binutils
#+end_src

#+begin_src
mkdir -v build
cd       build
#+end_src

So lets actually time this compilation to see what we're working with:
Prepare for compilation:
#+begin_src
time { ../configure --prefix=$LFS/tools \
             --with-sysroot=$LFS \
             --target=$LFS_TGT   \
             --disable-nls       \
             --enable-gprofng=no \
             --disable-werror    \
             --enable-new-dtags  \
             --enable-default-hash-style=gnu && make && make install; }
#+end_src

As we see at the top here, binutils is 1 sbu, so that means we can use it as a reference. so if glibc is 2 sbus, we can expect it to take 2 times the amount of time that binutils took.

Once thats complete, lets get back to the sources directory, and remove the binutils directory like so:
#+begin_src
cd ../..
rm -Rf binutils
#+end_src

** GCC-15.2.0 - Pass 1
The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers.
You are probabily familiar with this.. if you have ever compiled any C code, you probably used gcc.

This is our first pass of GCC, and this will be simply so that we can cross compile all the necessary tools in chapter 5.

#+begin_src
tar -xvf gcc-tab
cd gcc-tab
#+end_src

Now in here we have to extract subpackages, and rename them like so:

#+begin_src
tar -xf ../mpfr-4.2.2.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-4.2.2 mpfr
tar -xf ../gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-6.3.0 gmp
tar -xf ../mpc-1.3.1.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.3.1 mpc
#+end_src

Run these individually in case one errors out
And since were on 64 bit architecture lets run this:

#+begin_src
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64)
    sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
        -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
 ;;
esac
#+end_src

And now time to build gcc...

#+begin_src
mkdir -v build
cd       build
#+end_src

#+begin_src
time { ../configure                  \
    --target=$LFS_TGT         \
    --prefix=$LFS/tools       \
    --with-glibc-version=2.42 \
    --with-sysroot=$LFS       \
    --with-newlib             \
    --without-headers         \
    --enable-default-pie      \
    --enable-default-ssp      \
    --disable-nls             \
    --disable-shared          \
    --disable-multilib        \
    --disable-threads         \
    --disable-libatomic       \
    --disable-libgomp         \
    --disable-libquadmath     \
    --disable-libssp          \
    --disable-libvtv          \
    --disable-libstdcxx       \
    --enable-languages=c,c++ && make && make install; }
#+end_src

And we need to recreate this header file:

#+begin_src
cd ..
cat gcc/limitx.h gcc/glimits.h gcc/limity.h > \
  `dirname $($LFS_TGT-gcc -print-libgcc-file-name)`/include/limits.h
#+end_src

and cleanup:
#+begin_src
cd ..
rm -rf gcc-tab
#+end_src

** Linux-6.16.1 API Headers:
The Linux API Headers provide the kernel interface that Glibc uses to interact with the Linux kernel.

Ensure no stale files embedded in this package:
#+begin_src
make mrproper
#+end_src

Expect no output above, and then run:
#+begin_src
make headers
find usr/include -type f ! -name '*.h' -delete
cp -rv usr/include $LFS/usr
#+end_src

So all we're doing here is creating the linux header files, and copying them to the lfs/usr directory.

#+begin_src
cd ..
rm -rf linux-tab
#+end_src

** Glibc-2.42

This is the main C library.

First we need to create symlinks for 'LSB Compliance' which is the linux standard base, which depends on your architecture so we can run this case statement here to create symlinks for where the dynamic linkers need to point to respectively:

#+begin_src
case $(uname -m) in
    i?86)   ln -sfv ld-linux.so.2 $LFS/lib/ld-lsb.so.3
    ;;
    x86_64) ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 $LFS/lib64
            ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 $LFS/lib64/ld-lsb-x86-64.so.3
    ;;
esac
#+end_src

And to apply this patch here:

#+begin_src sh
patch -Np1 -i ../glibc-2.42-fhs-1.patch
#+end_src

Expected output:
#+begin_src
patching file Makeconfig
Hunk #1 succeeded at 262 (offset 12 lines).
patching file nscd/nscd.h
Hunk #1 succeeded at 160 (offset 48 lines).
patching file nss/db-Makefile
Hunk #1 succeeded at 21 (offset -1 lines).
patching file sysdeps/generic/paths.h
patching file sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/paths.h
#+end_src

And to build glibc:
#+begin_src
mkdir -v build
cd       build
echo "rootsbindir=/usr/sbin" > configparms

../configure                             \
      --prefix=/usr                      \
      --host=$LFS_TGT                    \
      --build=$(../scripts/config.guess) \
      --disable-nscd                     \
      libc_cv_slibdir=/usr/lib           \
      --enable-kernel=5.4
#+end_src

#+begin_src
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
sed '/RTLDLIST=/s@/usr@@g' -i $LFS/usr/bin/ldd
#+end_src

Sanity checks for the symlinks:

#+begin_src
echo 'int main(){}' | $LFS_TGT-gcc -x c - -v -Wl,--verbose &> dummy.log
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'
#+end_src

Expected output:
#+begin_src
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]
#+end_src

Ensure we are setup to choose the correct start files:
#+begin_src
grep -E -o "$LFS/lib.*/S?crt[1in].*succeeded" dummy.log
#+end_src

Expected output:
#+begin_src
/mnt/lfs/lib/../lib/Scrt1.o succeeded
/mnt/lfs/lib/../lib/crti.o succeeded
/mnt/lfs/lib/../lib/crtn.o succeeded
#+end_src

Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header files:
#+begin_src
grep -B3 "^ $LFS/usr/include" dummy.log
#+end_src

Expected output:
#+begin_src
#include <...> search starts here:
 /mnt/lfs/tools/lib/gcc/x86_64-lfs-linux-gnu/15.2.0/include
 /mnt/lfs/tools/lib/gcc/x86_64-lfs-linux-gnu/15.2.0/include-fixed
 /mnt/lfs/usr/include
#+end_src

Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the correct search paths:
#+begin_src
grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'
#+end_src

Expected output:
#+begin_src
SEARCH_DIR("=/mnt/lfs/tools/x86_64-lfs-linux-gnu/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("=/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("=/mnt/lfs/tools/x86_64-lfs-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("=/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib");
#+end_src

Ensure correct version of glibc:
#+begin_src
grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log
>> attempt to open /mnt/lfs/usr/lib/libc.so.6 succeeded
#+end_src

Make sure gcc is using correct dynamic linker:
#+begin_src
grep found dummy.log
>> found ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 at /mnt/lfs/usr/lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
#+end_src

Clean up dummy.log
#+begin_src
rm -v a.out dummy.log
cd ../..
rm -Rf glibc
#+end_src

** Libstdc++ from GCC-15.2.0
Lib standard C++ is needed to compile c++ code.

#+begin_src
tar -xvf gcc-15.2.0...
cd gcc...
#+end_src

#+begin_src
mkdir -v build; cd build
#+end_src

#+begin_src
../libstdc++-v3/configure      \
    --host=$LFS_TGT            \
    --build=$(../config.guess) \
    --prefix=/usr              \
    --disable-multilib         \
    --disable-nls              \
    --disable-libstdcxx-pch    \
    --with-gxx-include-dir=/tools/$LFS_TGT/include/c++/15.2.0
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/lib{stdc++{,exp,fs},supc++}.la
#+end_src

Clean this up:
#+begin_src
cd ../..
rm -rf gcc-tab
#+end_src

And that is the end of chaper 5. We are ready to move on to cross compiling temporary tools!
* Chapter 6 - Cross Compiling Temporary Tools:
#+begin_quote
"This chapter shows how to cross-compile basic utilities using the just built cross-toolchain. Those utilities are installed into their final location, but cannot be used yet. Basic tasks still rely on the host's tools. Nevertheless, the installed libraries are used when linking."  - LFS manual
#+end_quote

** M4-1.4.20
#+begin_src sh
cd $LFS/sources
tar -xf m4-1.4.20.tar.xz
cd m4-1.4.20

./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf m4-1.4.20
#+end_src

** Ncurses-6.5-20250809
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf ncurses-6.5-20250809.tar.gz
cd ncurses-6.5-20250809

sed -i s/mawk// configure

mkdir build
pushd build
  ../configure
  make -C include
  make -C progs tic
popd

./configure --prefix=/usr                \
            --host=$LFS_TGT              \
            --build=$(./config.guess)    \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man      \
            --with-manpage-format=normal \
            --with-shared                \
            --without-normal             \
            --with-cxx-shared            \
            --without-debug              \
            --without-ada                \
            --disable-stripping          \
            --enable-widec

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS TIC_PATH=$(pwd)/build/progs/tic install
ln -sv libncursesw.so $LFS/usr/lib/libncurses.so
sed -e 's/^#if.*XOPEN.*$/#if 1/' \
    -i $LFS/usr/include/curses.h

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf ncurses-6.5-20250809
#+end_src

** Bash-5.3
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf bash-5.3.tar.gz
cd bash-5.3

./configure --prefix=/usr                      \
            --build=$(sh support/config.guess) \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                    \
            --without-bash-malloc              \
            bash_cv_strtold_broken=no

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

ln -sv bash $LFS/bin/sh

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf bash-5.3
#+end_src

** Coreutils-9.7
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf coreutils-9.7.tar.xz
cd coreutils-9.7

./configure --prefix=/usr                     \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                   \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess) \
            --enable-install-program=hostname \
            --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

mv -v $LFS/usr/bin/chroot $LFS/usr/sbin
mkdir -pv $LFS/usr/share/man/man8
mv -v $LFS/usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 $LFS/usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
sed -i 's/"1"/"8"/' $LFS/usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf coreutils-9.7
#+end_src

** Diffutils-3.12
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf diffutils-3.12.tar.xz
cd diffutils-3.12

./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(./build-aux/config.guess)

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf diffutils-3.12
#+end_src

** File-5.46
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf file-5.46.tar.gz
cd file-5.46

mkdir build
pushd build
  ../configure --disable-bzlib      \
               --disable-libseccomp \
               --disable-xzlib      \
               --disable-zlib
  make
popd

./configure --prefix=/usr --host=$LFS_TGT --build=$(./config.guess)

make FILE_COMPILE=$(pwd)/build/src/file
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/libmagic.la

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf file-5.46
#+end_src

** Findutils-4.10.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf findutils-4.10.0.tar.xz
cd findutils-4.10.0

./configure --prefix=/usr                   \
            --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                 \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf findutils-4.10.0
#+end_src

** Gawk-5.3.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf gawk-5.3.2.tar.xz
cd gawk-5.3.2

sed -i 's/extras//' Makefile.in

./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf gawk-5.3.2
#+end_src

** Grep-3.12
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf grep-3.12.tar.xz
cd grep-3.12

./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(./build-aux/config.guess)

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf grep-3.12
#+end_src

** Gzip-1.14
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf gzip-1.14.tar.xz
cd gzip-1.14

./configure --prefix=/usr --host=$LFS_TGT

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf gzip-1.14
#+end_src

** Make-4.4.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf make-4.4.1.tar.gz
cd make-4.4.1

./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --without-guile \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf make-4.4.1
#+end_src

** Patch-2.8
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf patch-2.8.tar.xz
cd patch-2.8

./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf patch-2.8
#+end_src

** Sed-4.9
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf sed-4.9.tar.xz
cd sed-4.9

./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(./build-aux/config.guess)

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf sed-4.9
#+end_src

** Tar-1.35
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf tar-1.35.tar.xz
cd tar-1.35

./configure --prefix=/usr                     \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                   \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf tar-1.35
#+end_src

** Xz-5.8.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf xz-5.8.1.tar.xz
cd xz-5.8.1

./configure --prefix=/usr                     \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                   \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess) \
            --disable-static                  \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/xz-5.8.1

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/liblzma.la

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf xz-5.8.1
#+end_src

** Binutils-2.45 - Pass 2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf binutils-2.45.tar.xz
cd binutils-2.45

sed '6009s/$add_dir//' -i ltmain.sh

mkdir -v build
cd build

../configure                   \
    --prefix=/usr              \
    --build=$(../config.guess) \
    --host=$LFS_TGT            \
    --disable-nls              \
    --enable-shared            \
    --enable-gprofng=no        \
    --disable-werror           \
    --enable-64-bit-bfd        \
    --enable-new-dtags         \
    --enable-default-hash-style=gnu

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/lib{bfd,ctf,ctf-nobfd,opcodes,sframe}.{a,la}

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf binutils-2.45
#+end_src

** GCC-15.2.0 - Pass 2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf gcc-15.2.0.tar.xz
cd gcc-15.2.0

tar -xf ../mpfr-4.2.2.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-4.2.2 mpfr
tar -xf ../gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-6.3.0 gmp
tar -xf ../mpc-1.3.1.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.3.1 mpc

case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64)
    sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
        -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
  ;;
esac

sed '/thread_header =/s/@.*@/gthr-posix.h/' \
    -i libgcc/Makefile.in libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.in

mkdir -v build
cd build

../configure                                       \
    --build=$(../config.guess)                     \
    --host=$LFS_TGT                                \
    --target=$LFS_TGT                              \
    LDFLAGS_FOR_TARGET=-L$PWD/$LFS_TGT/libgcc      \
    --prefix=/usr                                  \
    --with-build-sysroot=$LFS                      \
    --enable-default-pie                           \
    --enable-default-ssp                           \
    --disable-nls                                  \
    --disable-multilib                             \
    --disable-libatomic                            \
    --disable-libgomp                              \
    --disable-libquadmath                          \
    --disable-libsanitizer                         \
    --disable-libssp                               \
    --disable-libvtv                               \
    --enable-languages=c,c++

make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

ln -sv gcc $LFS/usr/bin/cc

cd $LFS/sources
rm -rf gcc-15.2.0
#+end_src

* Chapter 7 - Entering Chroot and Building Additional Temporary Tools:

** Changing Ownership
Before we enter chroot, we need to change ownership of everything to root:

#+begin_src sh
chown -R root:root $LFS/{usr,lib,var,etc,bin,sbin,tools}
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64) chown -R root:root $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac
#+end_src

** Preparing Virtual Kernel File Systems

To enter chroot, we need to create and mount all the binded directories like so:

#+begin_src sh
mkdir -pv $LFS/{dev,proc,sys,run}
mount -v --bind /dev $LFS/dev
mount -vt devpts devpts -o gid=5,mode=0620 $LFS/dev/pts
mount -vt proc proc $LFS/proc
mount -vt sysfs sysfs $LFS/sys
mount -vt tmpfs tmpfs $LFS/run

if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then
  install -v -d -m 1777 $LFS$(realpath /dev/shm)
else
  mount -vt tmpfs -o nosuid,nodev tmpfs $LFS/dev/shm
fi
#+end_src

** Entering Chroot

Then we can chroot into our new system like so:

#+begin_src sh
chroot "$LFS" /usr/bin/env -i   \
    HOME=/root                  \
    TERM="$TERM"                \
    PS1='(lfs chroot) \u:\w\$ ' \
    PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/sbin     \
    MAKEFLAGS="-j$(nproc)"      \
    TESTSUITEFLAGS="-j$(nproc)" \
    /bin/bash --login
#+end_src

You should now see your prompt change to `(lfs chroot) root:/#` - you're inside your new LFS system!

** Creating Directories

Now we need to create the remaining directory structure:

#+begin_src sh
mkdir -pv /{boot,home,mnt,opt,srv}
mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig}
mkdir -pv /lib/firmware
mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{include,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/local/{bin,lib,sbin}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool}
mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate}

ln -sfv /run /var/run
ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock

install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp
#+end_src

** Creating Essential Files and Symlinks

Create essential system files:

#+begin_src sh
ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab

cat > /etc/hosts << EOF
127.0.0.1  localhost $(hostname)
::1        localhost
EOF

cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/run/dbus:/usr/bin/false
systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/usr/bin/false
uuidd:x:80:80:UUID Generator Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
systemd-oom:x:81:81:systemd Out Of Memory Daemon:/:/usr/bin/false
nobody:x:65534:65534:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
EOF

cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:daemon
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tape:x:4:
tty:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
cdrom:x:15:
adm:x:16:
messagebus:x:18:
systemd-journal:x:23:
input:x:24:
mail:x:34:
kvm:x:61:
systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:
systemd-journal-remote:x:74:
systemd-journal-upload:x:75:
systemd-network:x:76:
systemd-resolve:x:77:
systemd-timesync:x:78:
systemd-coredump:x:79:
uuidd:x:80:
systemd-oom:x:81:
wheel:x:97:
users:x:999:
nogroup:x:65534:
EOF

echo "tester:x:101:101::/home/tester:/bin/bash" >> /etc/passwd
echo "tester:x:101:" >> /etc/group
install -o tester -d /home/tester

exec /usr/bin/bash --login

touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}
chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 664  /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 600  /var/log/btmp
#+end_src

Now we build the remaining temporary tools in chroot:

** Gettext-0.26
#+begin_src sh
cd /sources
tar -xf gettext-0.26.tar.xz
cd gettext-0.26

./configure --disable-shared

make
cp -v gettext-tools/src/{msgfmt,msgmerge,xgettext} /usr/bin

cd /sources
rm -rf gettext-0.26
#+end_src

** Bison-3.8.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf bison-3.8.2.tar.xz
cd bison-3.8.2

./configure --prefix=/usr \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bison-3.8.2

make
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf bison-3.8.2
#+end_src

** Perl-5.42.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf perl-5.42.0.tar.xz
cd perl-5.42.0

sh Configure -des                                          \
             -D prefix=/usr                                \
             -D vendorprefix=/usr                          \
             -D useshrplib                                 \
             -D privlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/core_perl      \
             -D archlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/core_perl      \
             -D sitelib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/site_perl      \
             -D sitearch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/site_perl     \
             -D vendorlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/vendor_perl  \
             -D vendorarch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/vendor_perl

make
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf perl-5.42.0
#+end_src

** Python-3.13.7
Use capital P here, and ignore ssl warnings.
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf Python-3.13.7.tar.xz
cd Python-3.13.7

./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --enable-shared \
            --without-ensurepip

make
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf Python-3.13.7
#+end_src

** Texinfo-7.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf texinfo-7.2.tar.xz
cd texinfo-7.2

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf texinfo-7.2
#+end_src

** Util-linux-2.41.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf util-linux-2.41.1.tar.xz
cd util-linux-2.41.1

mkdir -pv /var/lib/hwclock

./configure --libdir=/usr/lib     \
            --runstatedir=/run    \
            --disable-chfn-chsh   \
            --disable-login       \
            --disable-nologin     \
            --disable-su          \
            --disable-setpriv     \
            --disable-runuser     \
            --disable-pylibmount  \
            --disable-static      \
            --disable-liblastlog2 \
            --without-python      \
            ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.41.1

make
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf util-linux-2.41.1
#+end_src

** Cleaning up and Saving the Temporary System

Now let's clean up the temporary system:

#+begin_src sh
rm -rf /usr/share/{info,man,doc}/*

find /usr/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete

rm -rf /tools
#+end_src

At this point, you can optionally backup your system. If something goes wrong in Chapter 8, you can restore from here:

#+begin_src sh
# Exit chroot
logout

# From the host system:
cd $LFS
tar -cJpf $HOME/lfs-temp-tools-12.4.tar.xz .
#+end_src

To restore the backup later if needed:

#+begin_src sh
cd $LFS
rm -rf ./*
tar -xpf $HOME/lfs-temp-tools-12.4.tar.xz
#+end_src

And you're done with Chapter 7! The temporary tools are now built and you're ready to move on to Chapter 8 where you'll build the final LFS system.

* Chapter 8 - Installing Basic System Software:
** Man-pages-6.15
#+begin_src sh
cd /sources
tar -xf man-pages-6.15.tar.xz
cd man-pages-6.15

rm -v man3/crypt*
make prefix=/usr install

cd /sources
rm -rf man-pages-6.15
#+end_src

** Iana-Etc-20250807
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf iana-etc-20250807.tar.gz
cd iana-etc-20250807

cp services protocols /etc

cd /sources
rm -rf iana-etc-20250807
#+end_src

** Glibc-2.42
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf glibc-2.42.tar.xz
cd glibc-2.42

patch -Np1 -i ../glibc-2.42-fhs-1.patch

mkdir -v build
cd build

echo "rootsbindir=/usr/sbin" > configparms

../configure --prefix=/usr                            \
             --disable-werror                         \
             --enable-kernel=5.4                      \
             --enable-stack-protector=strong          \
             --disable-nscd                           \
             libc_cv_slibdir=/usr/lib

make

# Optional but recommended - run tests
make check

# Install
touch /etc/ld.so.conf
sed '/test-installation/s@$(PERL)@echo not running@' -i ../Makefile
make install
sed '/RTLDLIST=/s@/usr@@g' -i /usr/bin/ldd

# Configure Glibc
cat > /etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF"
passwd: files
group: files
shadow: files

hosts: files dns
networks: files

protocols: files
services: files
ethers: files
rpc: files
EOF

# Add timezone data
tar -xf ../../tzdata2025b.tar.gz

ZONEINFO=/usr/share/zoneinfo
mkdir -pv $ZONEINFO/{posix,right}

for tz in etcetera southamerica northamerica europe africa antarctica  \
          asia australasia backward; do
    zic -L /dev/null   -d $ZONEINFO       ${tz}
    zic -L /dev/null   -d $ZONEINFO/posix ${tz}
    zic -L leapseconds -d $ZONEINFO/right ${tz}
done

cp -v zone.tab zone1970.tab iso3166.tab $ZONEINFO
zic -d $ZONEINFO -p America/New_York
unset ZONEINFO

# Set your timezone (adjust as needed)
ln -sfv /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Los_Angeles /etc/localtime

# Configure dynamic loader
cat > /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
/usr/local/lib
/opt/lib
EOF

# Configure limits
cat > /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
/usr/local/lib
/opt/lib
EOF

mkdir -pv /usr/lib/locale
localedef -i C -f UTF-8 C.UTF-8
localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US.UTF-8

cd /sources
rm -rf glibc-2.42
#+end_src

** Zlib-1.3.1
I had a bug with this package so I copied it from the host iso image.
#+begin_src
sudo cp -av /usr/lib64/libz.so* /mnt/lfs/usr/lib/
#+end_src

Or do it the proper way:
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf zlib-1.3.1.tar.xz
cd zlib-1.3.1

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

rm -fv /usr/lib/libz.a

cd /sources
rm -rf zlib-1.3.1
#+end_src

** Bzip2-1.0.8
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf bzip2-1.0.8.tar.gz
cd bzip2-1.0.8

patch -Np1 -i ../bzip2-1.0.8-install_docs-1.patch

sed -i 's@\(ln -s -f \)$(PREFIX)/bin/@\1@' Makefile
sed -i "s@(PREFIX)/man@(PREFIX)/share/man@g" Makefile

make -f Makefile-libbz2_so
make clean
make
make PREFIX=/usr install

cp -av libbz2.so.* /usr/lib
ln -sv libbz2.so.1.0.8 /usr/lib/libbz2.so

cp -v bzip2-shared /usr/bin/bzip2
for i in /usr/bin/{bzcat,bunzip2}; do
  ln -sfv bzip2 $i
done

rm -fv /usr/lib/libbz2.a

cd /sources
rm -rf bzip2-1.0.8
#+end_src

** Xz-5.8.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf xz-5.8.1.tar.xz
cd xz-5.8.1

./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/xz-5.8.1

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf xz-5.8.1
#+end_src

** Lz4-1.10.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf lz4-1.10.0.tar.gz
cd lz4-1.10.0

make BUILD_STATIC=no PREFIX=/usr
make -j1 check
make BUILD_STATIC=no PREFIX=/usr install

cd /sources
rm -rf lz4-1.10.0
#+end_src

** Zstd-1.5.7
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf zstd-1.5.7.tar.gz
cd zstd-1.5.7

make prefix=/usr
make check
make prefix=/usr install

rm -v /usr/lib/libzstd.a

cd /sources
rm -rf zstd-1.5.7
#+end_src

** File-5.46
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf file-5.46.tar.gz
cd file-5.46

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf file-5.46
#+end_src

** Readline-8.3
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf readline-8.3.tar.gz
cd readline-8.3

sed -i '/MV.*old/d' Makefile.in
sed -i '/{OLDSUFF}/c:' support/shlib-install

./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --with-curses    \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/readline-8.3

make SHLIB_LIBS="-lncursesw"
make SHLIB_LIBS="-lncursesw" install

install -v -m644 doc/*.{ps,pdf,html,dvi} /usr/share/doc/readline-8.3

cd /sources
rm -rf readline-8.3
#+end_src

** M4-1.4.20
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf m4-1.4.20.tar.xz
cd m4-1.4.20

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf m4-1.4.20
#+end_src

** Bc-7.0.3
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf bc-7.0.3.tar.xz
cd bc-7.0.3

CC=gcc ./configure --prefix=/usr -G -O3 -r

make
make test
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf bc-7.0.3
#+end_src

** Flex-2.6.4
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf flex-2.6.4.tar.gz
cd flex-2.6.4

./configure --prefix=/usr \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/flex-2.6.4 \
            --disable-static

make
make check
make install

ln -sv flex /usr/bin/lex
ln -sv flex.1 /usr/share/man/man1/lex.1

cd /sources
rm -rf flex-2.6.4
#+end_src

** Tcl-8.6.16
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf tcl8.6.16-src.tar.gz
cd tcl8.6.16

SRCDIR=$(pwd)
cd unix
./configure --prefix=/usr           \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man

make

sed -e "s|$SRCDIR/unix|/usr/lib|" \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR|/usr/include|"  \
    -i tclConfig.sh

sed -e "s|$SRCDIR/unix/pkgs/tdbc1.1.10|/usr/lib/tdbc1.1.10|" \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/tdbc1.1.10/generic|/usr/include|"    \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/tdbc1.1.10/library|/usr/lib/tcl8.6|" \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/tdbc1.1.10|/usr/include|"            \
    -i pkgs/tdbc1.1.10/tdbcConfig.sh

sed -e "s|$SRCDIR/unix/pkgs/itcl4.2.5|/usr/lib/itcl4.2.5|" \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/itcl4.2.5/generic|/usr/include|"    \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/itcl4.2.5|/usr/include|"            \
    -i pkgs/itcl4.2.5/itclConfig.sh

unset SRCDIR

make test
make install

chmod -v u+w /usr/lib/libtcl8.6.so

make install-private-headers

ln -sfv tclsh8.6 /usr/bin/tclsh
mv /usr/share/man/man3/{Thread,Tcl_Thread}.3

cd /sources
rm -rf tcl8.6.16
#+end_src

** Expect-5.45.4
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf expect5.45.4.tar.gz
cd expect5.45.4

python3 -c 'from pty import spawn; spawn(["echo", "ok"])'

patch -Np1 -i ../expect-5.45.4-gcc15-1.patch

./configure --prefix=/usr           \
            --with-tcl=/usr/lib     \
            --enable-shared         \
            --disable-rpath         \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man \
            --with-tclinclude=/usr/include

make
make test
make install
ln -svf expect5.45.4/libexpect5.45.4.so /usr/lib

cd /sources
rm -rf expect5.45.4
#+end_src

** DejaGNU-1.6.3
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf dejagnu-1.6.3.tar.gz
cd dejagnu-1.6.3

mkdir -v build
cd build

../configure --prefix=/usr
makeinfo --html --no-split -o doc/dejagnu.html ../doc/dejagnu.texi
makeinfo --plaintext       -o doc/dejagnu.txt  ../doc/dejagnu.texi

make install
install -v -dm755  /usr/share/doc/dejagnu-1.6.3
install -v -m644   doc/dejagnu.{html,txt} /usr/share/doc/dejagnu-1.6.3

make check

cd /sources
rm -rf dejagnu-1.6.3
#+end_src

** Pkgconf-2.5.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf pkgconf-2.5.1.tar.xz
cd pkgconf-2.5.1

./configure --prefix=/usr              \
            --disable-static           \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/pkgconf-2.5.1

make
make install

ln -sv pkgconf   /usr/bin/pkg-config
ln -sv pkgconf.1 /usr/share/man/man1/pkg-config.1

cd /sources
rm -rf pkgconf-2.5.1
#+end_src

** Binutils-2.45
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf binutils-2.45.tar.xz
cd binutils-2.45

mkdir -v build
cd build

../configure --prefix=/usr       \
             --sysconfdir=/etc   \
             --enable-gold       \
             --enable-ld=default \
             --enable-plugins    \
             --enable-shared     \
             --disable-werror    \
             --enable-64-bit-bfd \
             --enable-new-dtags  \
             --with-system-zlib  \
             --enable-default-hash-style=gnu

make tooldir=/usr

make -k check

make tooldir=/usr install

rm -fv /usr/lib/lib{bfd,ctf,ctf-nobfd,gprofng,opcodes,sframe}.a

cd /sources
rm -rf binutils-2.45
#+end_src

** GMP-6.3.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz
cd gmp-6.3.0

./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --enable-cxx     \
            --disable-static \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.3.0

make
make html

make check 2>&1 | tee gmp-check-log
awk '/# PASS:/{total+=$3} ; END{print total}' gmp-check-log

make install
make install-html

cd /sources
rm -rf gmp-6.3.0
#+end_src

** MPFR-4.2.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf mpfr-4.2.2.tar.xz
cd mpfr-4.2.2

./configure --prefix=/usr        \
            --disable-static     \
            --enable-thread-safe \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpfr-4.2.2

make
make html

make check

make install
make install-html

cd /sources
rm -rf mpfr-4.2.2
#+end_src

** MPC-1.3.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf mpc-1.3.1.tar.gz
cd mpc-1.3.1

./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpc-1.3.1

make
make html

make check

make install
make install-html

cd /sources
rm -rf mpc-1.3.1
#+end_src

** Attr-2.5.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf attr-2.5.2.tar.gz
cd attr-2.5.2

./configure --prefix=/usr     \
            --disable-static  \
            --sysconfdir=/etc \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/attr-2.5.2

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf attr-2.5.2
#+end_src

** Acl-2.3.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf acl-2.3.2.tar.xz
cd acl-2.3.2

./configure --prefix=/usr         \
            --disable-static      \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/acl-2.3.2

make
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf acl-2.3.2
#+end_src

** Libcap-2.76
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf libcap-2.76.tar.xz
cd libcap-2.76

sed -i '/install -m.*STA/d' libcap/Makefile

make prefix=/usr lib=lib
make test
make prefix=/usr lib=lib install

cd /sources
rm -rf libcap-2.76
#+end_src

** Libxcrypt-4.4.38
We can ignore note about api headers
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf libxcrypt-4.4.38.tar.xz
cd libxcrypt-4.4.38

./configure --prefix=/usr                \
            --enable-hashes=strong,glibc \
            --enable-obsolete-api=no     \
            --disable-static             \
            --disable-failure-tokens

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf libxcrypt-4.4.38
#+end_src

** Shadow-4.18.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf shadow-4.18.0.tar.xz
cd shadow-4.18.0

sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /'   {} \;
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/getspnam\.3 / /' {} \;
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\.5 / /'   {} \;

sed -e 's:#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES:ENCRYPT_METHOD YESCRYPT:' \
    -e 's:/var/spool/mail:/var/mail:'                   \
    -e '/PATH=/{s@/sbin:@@;s@/bin:@@}'                  \
    -i etc/login.defs

touch /usr/bin/passwd
./configure --sysconfdir=/etc   \
            --disable-static    \
            --with-{b,yes}crypt \
            --without-libbsd    \
            --with-group-name-max-length=32

make
make exec_prefix=/usr install
make -C man install-man

pwconv
grpconv

mkdir -p /etc/default
useradd -D --gid 999

sed -i '/MAIL/s/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd

cd /sources
rm -rf shadow-4.18.0
#+end_src

** GCC-15.2.0
Check gcc failures with the link in the build logs in the book
pr0576 or whatever is a known fail
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf gcc-15.2.0.tar.xz
cd gcc-15.2.0

case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64)
    sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
        -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
  ;;
esac

mkdir -v build
cd build

../configure --prefix=/usr            \
             LD=ld                    \
             --enable-languages=c,c++ \
             --enable-default-pie     \
             --enable-default-ssp     \
             --enable-host-pie        \
             --disable-multilib       \
             --disable-bootstrap      \
             --disable-fixincludes    \
             --with-system-zlib

make

# Test suite (takes a long time)
ulimit -s -H unlimited
sed -e '/cpython/d'               -i ../gcc/testsuite/gcc.dg/plugin/plugin.exp
sed -e 's/no-pic /&-no-pie /'     -i ../gcc/testsuite/gcc.target/i386/pr113689-1.c
sed -e 's/300000/(1|300000)/'     -i ../libgomp/testsuite/libgomp.c-c++-common/pr94366.c
sed -e 's/{ target nonpic }//' -e '/GOTPCREL/d' -i ../gcc/testsuite/gcc.target/i386/fentryname3.c

chown -R tester .
su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make -k check"

# See test results
../contrib/test_summary

make install

chown -v -R root:root \
    /usr/lib/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/15.2.0/include{,-fixed}

ln -svr /usr/bin/cpp /usr/lib

ln -sv gcc.1 /usr/share/man/man1/cc.1

ln -sfv ../../libexec/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/15.2.0/liblto_plugin.so \
        /usr/lib/bfd-plugins/

echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c
cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &> dummy.log
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'

# Should output: [Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]

grep -E -o '/usr/lib.*/S?crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log
grep -B4 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log
grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'
grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log
grep found dummy.log

rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log

mkdir -pv /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib
mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib

cd /sources
rm -rf gcc-15.2.0
#+end_src

** Ncurses-6.5-20250809
Ignore warning, and do cd test and play with some of these. could be good content. ./hanoi, ./knight
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf ncurses-6.5-20250809.tar.gz
cd ncurses-6.5-20250809

./configure --prefix=/usr           \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man \
            --with-shared           \
            --without-debug         \
            --without-normal        \
            --with-cxx-shared       \
            --enable-pc-files       \
            --with-pkg-config-libdir=/usr/lib/pkgconfig

make
make DESTDIR=$PWD/dest install
install -vm755 dest/usr/lib/libncursesw.so.6.5 /usr/lib
rm -v  dest/usr/lib/libncursesw.so.6.5
sed -e 's/^#if.*XOPEN.*$/#if 1/' \
    -i dest/usr/include/curses.h
cp -av dest/* /

for lib in ncurses form panel menu ; do
    ln -sfv lib${lib}w.so /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
    ln -sfv ${lib}w.pc    /usr/lib/pkgconfig/${lib}.pc
done

ln -sfv libncursesw.so /usr/lib/libcurses.so

cp -v -R doc -T /usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.5-20250809

# Optional - play with demos
make distclean
./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --with-shared    \
            --without-normal \
            --without-debug  \
            --without-cxx-binding \
            --with-abi-version=5

make sources libs
cp -av lib/lib*.so.5* /usr/lib

cd /sources
rm -rf ncurses-6.5-20250809
#+end_src

** Sed-4.9
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf sed-4.9.tar.xz
cd sed-4.9

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make html

chown -R tester .
su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make check"

make install
install -d -m755           /usr/share/doc/sed-4.9
install -m644 doc/sed.html /usr/share/doc/sed-4.9

cd /sources
rm -rf sed-4.9
#+end_src

** Psmisc-23.7
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf psmisc-23.7.tar.xz
cd psmisc-23.7

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf psmisc-23.7
#+end_src

** Gettext-0.26
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf gettext-0.26.tar.xz
cd gettext-0.26

./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gettext-0.26

make
make check
make install
chmod -v 0755 /usr/lib/preloadable_libintl.so

cd /sources
rm -rf gettext-0.26
#+end_src

** Bison-3.8.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf bison-3.8.2.tar.xz
cd bison-3.8.2

./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bison-3.8.2

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf bison-3.8.2
#+end_src

** Grep-3.12
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf grep-3.12.tar.xz
cd grep-3.12

sed -i "s/echo/#echo/" src/egrep.sh

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf grep-3.12
#+end_src

** Bash-5.3
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf bash-5.3.tar.gz
cd bash-5.3

./configure --prefix=/usr             \
            --without-bash-malloc     \
            --with-installed-readline \
            bash_cv_strtold_broken=no \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bash-5.3

make

chown -R tester .

su -s /usr/bin/expect tester << "EOF"
set timeout -1
spawn make tests
expect eof
lassign [wait] _ _ _ value
exit $value
EOF

make install

# Start a new shell
exec /usr/bin/bash --login

cd /sources
rm -rf bash-5.3
#+end_src

** Libtool-2.5.4
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf libtool-2.5.4.tar.xz
cd libtool-2.5.4

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make -k check
make install

rm -fv /usr/lib/libltdl.a

cd /sources
rm -rf libtool-2.5.4
#+end_src

** GDBM-1.26
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf gdbm-1.26.tar.gz
cd gdbm-1.26

./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --enable-libgdbm-compat

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf gdbm-1.26
#+end_src

** Gperf-3.3
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf gperf-3.3.tar.gz
cd gperf-3.3

./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gperf-3.3

make
make -j1 check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf gperf-3.3
#+end_src

** Expat-2.7.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf expat-2.7.1.tar.xz
cd expat-2.7.1

./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/expat-2.7.1

make
make check
make install

install -v -m644 doc/*.{html,css} /usr/share/doc/expat-2.7.1

cd /sources
rm -rf expat-2.7.1
#+end_src

** Inetutils-2.6
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf inetutils-2.6.tar.xz
cd inetutils-2.6

sed -i 's/def HAVE_TERMCAP_TGETENT/ 1/' telnet/telnet.c

./configure --prefix=/usr        \
            --bindir=/usr/bin    \
            --localstatedir=/var \
            --disable-logger     \
            --disable-whois      \
            --disable-rcp        \
            --disable-rexec      \
            --disable-rlogin     \
            --disable-rsh        \
            --disable-servers

make
make check
make install

mv -v /usr/{,s}bin/ifconfig

cd /sources
rm -rf inetutils-2.6
#+end_src

** Less-679
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf less-679.tar.gz
cd less-679

./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf less-679
#+end_src

** Perl-5.42.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf perl-5.42.0.tar.xz
cd perl-5.42.0

export BUILD_ZLIB=False
export BUILD_BZIP2=0

sh Configure -des                                          \
             -D prefix=/usr                                \
             -D vendorprefix=/usr                          \
             -D privlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/core_perl      \
             -D archlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/core_perl      \
             -D sitelib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/site_perl      \
             -D sitearch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/site_perl     \
             -D vendorlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/vendor_perl  \
             -D vendorarch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.42/vendor_perl \
             -D man1dir=/usr/share/man/man1                \
             -D man3dir=/usr/share/man/man3                \
             -D pager="/usr/bin/less -isR"                 \
             -D useshrplib                                 \
             -D usethreads

make
TEST_JOBS=$(nproc) make test_harness
make install
unset BUILD_ZLIB BUILD_BZIP2

cd /sources
rm -rf perl-5.42.0
#+end_src

** XML::Parser-2.47
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf XML-Parser-2.47.tar.gz
cd XML-Parser-2.47

perl Makefile.PL

make
make test
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf XML-Parser-2.47
#+end_src

** Intltool-0.51.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf intltool-0.51.0.tar.gz
cd intltool-0.51.0

sed -i 's:\\\${:\\\$\\{:' intltool-update.in

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install
install -v -Dm644 doc/I18N-HOWTO /usr/share/doc/intltool-0.51.0/I18N-HOWTO

cd /sources
rm -rf intltool-0.51.0
#+end_src

** Autoconf-2.72
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf autoconf-2.72.tar.xz
cd autoconf-2.72

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf autoconf-2.72
#+end_src

** Automake-1.18.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf automake-1.18.1.tar.xz
cd automake-1.18.1

./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/automake-1.18.1

make
make -j$(($(nproc)>4?$(nproc):4)) check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf automake-1.18.1
#+end_src

** OpenSSL-3.5.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf openssl-3.5.2.tar.gz
cd openssl-3.5.2

./config --prefix=/usr         \
         --openssldir=/etc/ssl \
         --libdir=lib          \
         shared                \
         zlib-dynamic

make
HARNESS_JOBS=$(nproc) make test
sed -i '/INSTALL_LIBS/s/libcrypto.a libssl.a//' Makefile
make MANSUFFIX=ssl install

mv -v /usr/share/doc/openssl /usr/share/doc/openssl-3.5.2

cp -vfr doc/* /usr/share/doc/openssl-3.5.2

cd /sources
rm -rf openssl-3.5.2
#+end_src

** Libelf from Elfutils-0.193
Known failure in dwarf_scrlang_check
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf elfutils-0.193.tar.bz2
cd elfutils-0.193

./configure --prefix=/usr                \
            --disable-debuginfod         \
            --enable-libdebuginfod=dummy

make
make check
make -C libelf install
install -vm644 config/libelf.pc /usr/lib/pkgconfig
rm /usr/lib/libelf.a

cd /sources
rm -rf elfutils-0.193
#+end_src

** Libffi-3.5.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf libffi-3.5.2.tar.gz
cd libffi-3.5.2

./configure --prefix=/usr          \
            --disable-static       \
            --with-gcc-arch=native

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf libffi-3.5.2
#+end_src

** Python-3.13.7
Known expected warning can be surpressed by adding root user action to the global pip.conf like so
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf Python-3.13.7.tar.xz
cd Python-3.13.7

./configure --prefix=/usr        \
            --enable-shared      \
            --with-system-expat  \
            --enable-optimizations

make
make test
make install

cat > /etc/pip.conf << EOF
[global]
root-user-action = ignore
disable-pip-version-check = true
EOF

install -v -dm755 /usr/share/doc/python-3.13.7/html

tar --no-same-owner \
    -xvf ../python-3.13.7-docs-html.tar.bz2
cp -R --no-preserve=mode python-3.13.7-docs-html/* \
    /usr/share/doc/python-3.13.7/html

cd /sources
rm -rf Python-3.13.7
#+end_src

** Flit-Core-3.12.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf flit_core-3.12.0.tar.gz
cd flit_core-3.12.0

pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD

pip3 install --no-index --no-user --find-links dist flit_core

cd /sources
rm -rf flit_core-3.12.0
#+end_src

** Packaging-25.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf packaging-25.0.tar.gz
cd packaging-25.0

pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD

pip3 install --no-index --no-user --find-links dist packaging

cd /sources
rm -rf packaging-25.0
#+end_src

** Wheel-0.46.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf wheel-0.46.1.tar.gz
cd wheel-0.46.1

pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD

pip3 install --no-index --find-links=dist wheel

cd /sources
rm -rf wheel-0.46.1
#+end_src

** Setuptools-80.9.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf setuptools-80.9.0.tar.gz
cd setuptools-80.9.0

pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD

pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist setuptools

cd /sources
rm -rf setuptools-80.9.0
#+end_src

** Ninja-1.13.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf ninja-1.13.1.tar.gz
cd ninja-1.13.1

export NINJAJOBS=$(nproc)

sed -i '/int Guess/a \
  int   j = 0;\
  char* jobs = getenv( "NINJAJOBS" );\
  if ( jobs != NULL ) j = atoi( jobs );\
  if ( j > 0 ) return j;\
' src/ninja.cc

python3 configure.py --bootstrap

./ninja ninja_test
./ninja_test --gtest_filter=-SubprocessTest.SetWithLots

install -vm755 ninja /usr/bin/
install -vDm644 misc/bash-completion /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/ninja
install -vDm644 misc/zsh-completion  /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_ninja

cd /sources
rm -rf ninja-1.13.1
#+end_src

** Meson-1.8.3
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf meson-1.8.3.tar.gz
cd meson-1.8.3

pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD

pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist meson
install -vDm644 data/shell-completions/bash/meson /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/meson
install -vDm644 data/shell-completions/zsh/_meson /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_meson

cd /sources
rm -rf meson-1.8.3
#+end_src

** Kmod-34.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf kmod-34.2.tar.xz
cd kmod-34.2

./configure --prefix=/usr     \
            --sysconfdir=/etc \
            --with-openssl    \
            --with-xz         \
            --with-zstd       \
            --with-zlib       \
            --disable-manpages

make
make install

for target in depmod insmod modinfo modprobe rmmod; do
  ln -sfv ../bin/kmod /usr/sbin/$target
  rm -fv /usr/bin/$target
done

cd /sources
rm -rf kmod-34.2
#+end_src

** Coreutils-9.7
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf coreutils-9.7.tar.xz
cd coreutils-9.7

patch -Np1 -i ../coreutils-9.7-i18n-2.patch

autoreconf -fiv
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 ./configure \
            --prefix=/usr            \
            --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime

make
make NON_ROOT_USERNAME=tester check-root

groupadd -g 102 dummy -U tester

chown -R tester .

su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make -k RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check"

groupdel dummy

make install

mv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbin
mv -v /usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
sed -i 's/"1"/"8"/' /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8

cd /sources
rm -rf coreutils-9.7
#+end_src

** Diffutils-3.12
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf diffutils-3.12.tar.xz
cd diffutils-3.12

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf diffutils-3.12
#+end_src

** Gawk-5.3.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf gawk-5.3.2.tar.xz
cd gawk-5.3.2

sed -i 's/extras//' Makefile.in

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
chown -R tester .
su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make check"
rm -f /usr/bin/gawk-5.3.2
make install

ln -sv gawk.1 /usr/share/man/man1/awk.1

mkdir -pv                                   /usr/share/doc/gawk-5.3.2
cp    -v doc/{awkforai.txt,*.{eps,pdf,jpg}} /usr/share/doc/gawk-5.3.2

cd /sources
rm -rf gawk-5.3.2
#+end_src

** Findutils-4.10.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf findutils-4.10.0.tar.xz
cd findutils-4.10.0

./configure --prefix=/usr --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate

make
chown -R tester .
su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make check"

make install

cd /sources
rm -rf findutils-4.10.0
#+end_src

** Groff-1.23.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf groff-1.23.0.tar.gz
cd groff-1.23.0

PAGE=letter ./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf groff-1.23.0
#+end_src

** GRUB-2.12
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf grub-2.12.tar.xz
cd grub-2.12

unset {C,CPP,CXX,LD}FLAGS

echo depends bli part_gpt > grub-core/extra_deps.lst

./configure --prefix=/usr          \
            --sysconfdir=/etc      \
            --disable-efiemu       \
            --disable-werror

make
make install
mv -v /etc/bash_completion.d/grub /usr/share/bash-completion/completions

cd /sources
rm -rf grub-2.12
#+end_src

** Gzip-1.14
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf gzip-1.14.tar.xz
cd gzip-1.14

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf gzip-1.14
#+end_src

** IPRoute2-6.16.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf iproute2-6.16.0.tar.xz
cd iproute2-6.16.0

sed -i /ARPD/d Makefile
rm -fv man/man8/arpd.8

make NETNS_RUN_DIR=/run/netns
make SBINDIR=/usr/sbin install

mkdir -pv             /usr/share/doc/iproute2-6.16.0
cp -v COPYING README* /usr/share/doc/iproute2-6.16.0

cd /sources
rm -rf iproute2-6.16.0
#+end_src

** Kbd-2.8.0
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf kbd-2.8.0.tar.xz
cd kbd-2.8.0

patch -Np1 -i ../kbd-2.8.0-backspace-1.patch

sed -i '/RESIZECONS_PROGS=/s/yes/no/' configure
sed -i 's/resizecons.8 //' docs/man/man8/Makefile.in

./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-vlock

make
make check
make install

cp -R -v docs/doc -T /usr/share/doc/kbd-2.8.0

cd /sources
rm -rf kbd-2.8.0
#+end_src

** Libpipeline-1.5.8
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf libpipeline-1.5.8.tar.gz
cd libpipeline-1.5.8

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf libpipeline-1.5.8
#+end_src

** Make-4.4.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf make-4.4.1.tar.gz
cd make-4.4.1

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
chown -R tester .
su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make check"

make install

cd /sources
rm -rf make-4.4.1
#+end_src

** Patch-2.8
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf patch-2.8.tar.xz
cd patch-2.8

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf patch-2.8
#+end_src

** Tar-1.35
Known failure test suite 233 (read comment)
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf tar-1.35.tar.xz
cd tar-1.35

FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1  \
./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install
make -C doc install-html docdir=/usr/share/doc/tar-1.35

cd /sources
rm -rf tar-1.35
#+end_src

** Texinfo-7.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf texinfo-7.2.tar.xz
cd texinfo-7.2

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
make check
make install

make TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf install-tex

cd /sources
rm -rf texinfo-7.2
#+end_src

** Vim-9.1.1629
Use my own vimrc, ignore vi symlink
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf vim-9.1.1629.tar.gz
cd vim-9.1.1629

echo '#define SYS_VIMRC_FILE "/etc/vimrc"' >> src/feature.h

./configure --prefix=/usr

make
chown -R tester .
su tester -c "TERM=xterm-256color LANG=en_US.UTF-8 make -j1 test" \
   &> vim-test.log

make install

ln -sv vim /usr/bin/vi
for L in  /usr/share/man/{,*/}man1/vim.1; do
    ln -sv vim.1 $(dirname $L)/vi.1
done

ln -sv ../vim/vim91/doc /usr/share/doc/vim-9.1.1629

cat > /etc/vimrc << "EOF"
" Begin /etc/vimrc

filetype plugin indent on
set expandtab
set shiftwidth=4
set softtabstop=4
set tabstop=4
set number
set relativenumber
set smartindent
set showmatch
set backspace=indent,eol,start
syntax on

if (&term == "xterm") || (&term == "putty")
  set background=dark
endif

" End /etc/vimrc
EOF

cd /sources
rm -rf vim-9.1.1629
#+end_src

** MarkupSafe-3.0.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf MarkupSafe-3.0.2.tar.gz
cd MarkupSafe-3.0.2

pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD

pip3 install --no-index --no-user --find-links dist Markupsafe

cd /sources
rm -rf MarkupSafe-3.0.2
#+end_src

** Jinja2-3.1.6
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf jinja2-3.1.6.tar.gz
cd jinja2-3.1.6

pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD

pip3 install --no-index --no-user --find-links dist Jinja2

cd /sources
rm -rf jinja2-3.1.6
#+end_src

** Udev from Systemd-257.8
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf systemd-257.8.tar.gz
cd systemd-257.8

sed -i -e 's/GROUP="render"/GROUP="video"/' \
       -e 's/GROUP="sgx", //' rules.d/50-udev-default.rules.in

sed '/systemd-sysctl/s/^/#/' -i rules.d/99-systemd.rules.in

sed '/NETWORK_DIRS/s/systemd/udev/' -i src/basic/path-lookup.h

mkdir -p build
cd       build

meson setup ..                \
      --prefix=/usr           \
      --buildtype=release     \
      -D mode=release         \
      -D dev-kvm-mode=0660    \
      -D link-udev-shared=false \
      -D logind=false         \
      -D vconsole=false

export udev_helpers=$(grep "'name' :" ../src/udev/meson.build | \
                      awk '{print $2}' | tr -d ",'" | grep -v 'udevadm')

ninja udevadm systemd-hwdb \
      $(ninja -n | grep -Eo '(src/(lib)?udev|rules.d|hwdb.d)/[^ ]*') \
      $(realpath libudev.so --relative-to .) \
      $udev_helpers

install -vm755 -d {/usr/lib,/etc}/udev/{hwdb.d,rules.d,network}
install -vm755 -d /usr/{lib,share}/pkgconfig
install -vm755 udevadm                            /usr/bin/
install -vm755 systemd-hwdb                       /usr/bin/udev-hwdb
ln      -svfn  ../bin/udevadm                     /usr/sbin/udevd
cp      -av    libudev.so{,*[0-9]}                /usr/lib/
install -vm644 ../src/libudev/libudev.h           /usr/include/
install -vm644 src/libudev/*.pc                   /usr/lib/pkgconfig/
install -vm644 src/udev/*.pc                      /usr/share/pkgconfig/
install -vm644 ../src/udev/udev.conf              /etc/udev/
install -vm644 rules.d/* ../rules.d/README        /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/
install -vm644 $(find ../rules.d/*.rules \
                      -not -name '*power-switch*') /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/
install -vm644 hwdb.d/*  ../hwdb.d/{*.hwdb,README} /usr/lib/udev/hwdb.d/
install -vm755 $udev_helpers                      /usr/lib/udev
install -vm644 ../network/99-default.link         /usr/lib/udev/network

tar -xvf ../../udev-lfs-20230818.tar.xz
make -f udev-lfs-20230818/Makefile.lfs install

tar -xf ../../systemd-man-pages-257.8.tar.xz                            \
    --no-same-owner --strip-components=1                              \
    -C /usr/share/man --wildcards '*/udev*' '*/libudev*'             \
                                  '*/systemd.link.5'                 \
                                  '*/systemd-'{hwdb,udevd.service}.8

sed 's|systemd/network|udev/network|'                                 \
    /usr/share/man/man5/systemd.link.5                                \
  > /usr/share/man/man5/udev.link.5

sed 's/systemd\(\\\?-\)/udev\1/' /usr/share/man/man8/systemd-hwdb.8   \
                                 > /usr/share/man/man8/udev-hwdb.8

sed 's|lib.*udevd|sbin/udevd|'                                        \
    /usr/share/man/man8/systemd-udevd.service.8                       \
  > /usr/share/man/man8/udevd.8

rm /usr/share/man/man*/systemd*

unset udev_helpers

udev-hwdb update

cd /sources
rm -rf systemd-257.8
#+end_src

** Man-DB-2.13.1
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf man-db-2.13.1.tar.xz
cd man-db-2.13.1

./configure --prefix=/usr                         \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/man-db-2.13.1 \
            --sysconfdir=/etc                     \
            --disable-setuid                      \
            --enable-cache-owner=bin              \
            --with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx          \
            --with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind         \
            --with-grap=/usr/bin/grap             \
            --with-systemdtmpfilesdir=            \
            --with-systemdsystemunitdir=

make
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf man-db-2.13.1
#+end_src

** Procps-ng-4.0.5
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf procps-ng-4.0.5.tar.xz
cd procps-ng-4.0.5

./configure --prefix=/usr                           \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-4.0.5 \
            --disable-static                        \
            --disable-kill                          \
            --with-systemd

make src_w_LDADD='$(LDADD) -lsystemd'
make check
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf procps-ng-4.0.5
#+end_src

** Util-linux-2.41.1
Kill error is known
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf util-linux-2.41.1.tar.xz
cd util-linux-2.41.1

./configure --bindir=/usr/bin              \
            --libdir=/usr/lib              \
            --runstatedir=/run             \
            --sbindir=/usr/sbin            \
            --disable-chfn-chsh            \
            --disable-login                \
            --disable-nologin              \
            --disable-su                   \
            --disable-setpriv              \
            --disable-runuser              \
            --disable-pylibmount           \
            --disable-static               \
            --disable-liblastlog2          \
            --without-python               \
            ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.41.1

make
# Skip tests in chroot
# chown -R tester .
# su tester -c "make -k check"

make install

cd /sources
rm -rf util-linux-2.41.1
#+end_src

** E2fsprogs-1.47.3
Known m_asdfasfd test fail
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf e2fsprogs-1.47.3.tar.gz
cd e2fsprogs-1.47.3

mkdir -v build
cd       build

../configure --prefix=/usr           \
             --sysconfdir=/etc       \
             --enable-elf-shlibs     \
             --disable-libblkid      \
             --disable-libuuid       \
             --disable-uuidd         \
             --disable-fsck

make
make check
make install

rm -fv /usr/lib/{libcom_err,libe2p,libext2fs,libss}.a

gunzip -v /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info.gz
install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info

makeinfo -o      doc/com_err.info ../lib/et/com_err.texinfo
install -v -m644 doc/com_err.info /usr/share/info
install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/com_err.info

sed 's/metadata_csum_seed,//' -i /etc/mke2fs.conf

cd /sources
rm -rf e2fsprogs-1.47.3
#+end_src

** Sysklogd-2.7.2
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf sysklogd-2.7.2.tar.gz
cd sysklogd-2.7.2

./configure --prefix=/usr      \
            --sysconfdir=/etc  \
            --runstatedir=/run \
            --without-logger

make
make install

cat > /etc/syslog.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/syslog.conf

auth,authpriv.* -/var/log/auth.log
*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/sys.log
daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log
kern.* -/var/log/kern.log
mail.* -/var/log/mail.log
user.* -/var/log/user.log
*.emerg *

# End /etc/syslog.conf
EOF

cd /sources
rm -rf sysklogd-2.7.2
#+end_src

** SysVinit-3.14
#+begin_src sh
tar -xf sysvinit-3.14.tar.xz
cd sysvinit-3.14

patch -Np1 -i ../sysvinit-3.14-consolidated-1.patch

make
make install

cd /sources
rm -rf sysvinit-3.14
#+end_src

** Stripping Debug Symbols

Now we clean up debug symbols to save space:

#+begin_src sh
save_usrlib="$(cd /usr/lib; ls ld-linux*[^g])
             libc.so.6
             libthread_db.so.1
             libquadmath.so.0.0.0
             libstdc++.so.6.0.33
             libitm.so.1.0.0
             libatomic.so.1.2.0"

cd /usr/lib

for LIB in $save_usrlib; do
    objcopy --only-keep-debug --compress-debug-sections=zlib $LIB $LIB.dbg
    cp $LIB /tmp/$LIB
    strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$LIB
    objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$LIB.dbg /tmp/$LIB
    install -vm755 /tmp/$LIB /usr/lib
    rm /tmp/$LIB
done

online_usrbin="bash find strip"
online_usrlib="libbfd-2.45.so
               libsframe.so.1.0.0
               libhistory.so.8.3
               libncursesw.so.6.5
               libm.so.6
               libreadline.so.8.3
               libz.so.1.3.1
               libzstd.so.1.5.7
               $(cd /usr/lib; find libnss*.so* -type f)"

for BIN in $online_usrbin; do
    cp /usr/bin/$BIN /tmp/$BIN
    strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$BIN
    install -vm755 /tmp/$BIN /usr/bin
    rm /tmp/$BIN
done

for LIB in $online_usrlib; do
    cp /usr/lib/$LIB /tmp/$LIB
    strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$LIB
    install -vm755 /tmp/$LIB /usr/lib
    rm /tmp/$LIB
done

for i in $(find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.so* ! -name \*dbg) \
         $(find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.a)                 \
         $(find /usr/{bin,sbin,libexec} -type f); do
    case "$online_usrbin $online_usrlib $save_usrlib" in
        *$(basename $i)* )
            ;;
        * ) strip --strip-unneeded $i 2>/dev/null
            ;;
    esac
done

unset BIN LIB save_usrlib online_usrbin online_usrlib
#+end_src

** Cleaning Up

#+begin_src sh
rm -rf /tmp/{*,.*}
find /usr/lib /usr/libexec -name \*.la -delete
find /usr -depth -name $(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu\* | xargs rm -rf
userdel -r tester
#+end_src

** GRUB BLFS LINK
mkdir BLFS
cd BLFS
screen -> control A D
cd /mnt/lfs/sources/BLFS
(middle click freetype, middle click efitbootmgr, copy links..)
wget https://downloads.sourceforge.net/freetype/freetype-2.13.3.tar.xz
wget https://downloads.sourceforge.net/freetype/freetype-doc-2.13.3.tar.xz
md5sum * (eyeball check on this to match the md5sums)
screen -r lfs
extract freetype-2
cd freetype-2
follow instructions from here..
https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/12.4/general/freetype2.html
tar -xf ../freetype-doc-2.13.3.tar.xz --strip-components=2 -C docs
...

we need to get dependencies for efibootmgr...

efivar-39 and popt-1.19
skip api documentaiton for popt as it is optional
get grub the same way, just the additional dependency
then in BLFS, do
#+begin_src
tar -xvf ../grub-2.
#+end_src
https://youtu.be/ReIeiTqYTGc?list=PLyc5xVO2uDsDzdT8lkx430hZ-gY69wgS3&t=15288

* Chapter 9 - System Configuration:
** Managing Devies:
Udev script wont work on qemu..
We dont need to run it though because all it does is rename enp1s0 to eth0
We can skip the rest of all this actually since we are not worried about changing our network interface.
** Network Interface:
#+begin_src
cd /etc/sysconfig/
vim ifconfig.enp1s0
ONBOOT=yes
IFACE=enp1s0
SERVICE=ipv4-static
IP=192.168.122.101
GATEWAY=192.168.122.1
PREFIX=24
BROADCAST=192.168.122.255
#+end_src

You can get all this information from running ip a on another machine, or your host machine

#+begin_src
vim /etc/resolv.conf
# Begin /etc/resolv.conf

nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 1.1.1.1

# End /etc/resolv.conf
#+end_src

I use lfs, btw..
#+begin_src
echo 'lfs-btw' >> /etc/hostname
#+end_src


/etc/hosts..
#+begin_src
cat > /etc/hosts << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 lfs-btw
::1       localhost

# End /etc/hosts
EOF
#+end_src

** sysvinit

Create inittab file for sysvinit

#+begin_src
cat > /etc/inittab << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/inittab

id:3:initdefault:

si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc S

l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6

ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

su:S06:once:/sbin/sulogin
s1:1:respawn:/sbin/sulogin

1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600

# End /etc/inittab
EOF
#+end_src

Hardware clock: Linux only, leave it as 1
#+begin_src
cat > /etc/sysconfig/clock << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock

UTC=1

# Set this to any options you might need to give to hwclock,
# such as machine hardware clock type for Alphas.
CLOCKPARAMS=

# End /etc/sysconfig/clock
EOF
#+end_src

We can run this since we're on en-us_UTF-8
#+begin_src
cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

UNICODE="1"
FONT="Lat2-Terminus16"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console
EOF
#+end_src

If you are on a different keymap, such as gb, or romania or something, check out these instructions here on how to change that.

The rest is optional, let's move on to generating the locales
** Locale Configuration
For my situation, im on en_US.UTF-8, and you can check yours with `locale -a`

so i'll do:
#+begin_src
cat > /etc/profile << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/profile

for i in $(locale); do
  unset ${i%=*}
done

if [[ "$TERM" = linux ]]; then
  export LANG=C.UTF-8
else
  export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
fi

# End /etc/profile
EOF
#+end_src

If you are on a different locale, you will need to run this command to figure out what to add to the suffix of en_<>

LC_ALL=en_GB locale charmap
* Chapter 10 - Make System Bootable:
** Fstab

I can make my fstab just like this, you just need to ensure your /dev/vda matches your actual partition names.

#+begin_src
cat > /etc/fstab << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/fstab

# file system  mount-point    type     options             dump  fsck
#                                                                order

/dev/vda3      /              ext4     defaults            1     1
/dev/vda1      /boot/efi      vfat     defaults            0     2
/dev/vda2      swap           swap     pri=1               0     0
proc           /proc          proc     nosuid,noexec,nodev 0     0
sysfs          /sys           sysfs    nosuid,noexec,nodev 0     0
devpts         /dev/pts       devpts   gid=5,mode=620      0     0
tmpfs          /run           tmpfs    defaults            0     0
devtmpfs       /dev           devtmpfs mode=0755,nosuid    0     0
tmpfs          /dev/shm       tmpfs    nosuid,nodev        0     0
cgroup2        /sys/fs/cgroup cgroup2  nosuid,noexec,nodev 0     0

# End /etc/fstab
EOF
#+end_src

** Kernel

Hard part... but final boss if you will

cd /sources
tar -xvf linux-16
cd linux-


make mrproper
make defconfig

This creates a config based on my current system architecture. It doesnt make sense for me to customize the kernel here since your hardware will not be the same as mine, so I'll just show you the defaults and how to get it up and running.

Lets add some defaults to get it working

make menuconfig

Actually everything here is good, but just verify some stuff
For my situation, I'm going to just take a look at every default setting the guide offers, and provide those, as well as enable a few virtio drivers for my qemu setup. Also its important here to follow the blfs guide on EFI since we installed grub using efi.

#+begin_src
Bare Minimum to Enable for QEMU/KVM VM:
1. Virtio Drivers (CRITICAL - without these you won't see your disk!)
Navigate to: Device Drivers → Block devices

Enable: [*] Virtio block driver

Navigate to: Device Drivers → Network device support

Enable: [*] Virtio network driver

Navigate to: Device Drivers → SCSI device support

Enable: [*] virtio-scsi support

Or search in menuconfig (press / then type VIRTIO):

CONFIG_VIRTIO_BLK=y
CONFIG_VIRTIO_NET=y
CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI=y
CONFIG_SCSI_VIRTIO=y

2. EXT4 Filesystem
Navigate to: File systems

Enable: [*] The Extended 4 (ext4) filesystem
Already enabled in defconfig, but verify

3. EFI Boot Support
Navigate to: Processor type and features

Enable: [*] EFI runtime service support
Enable: [*] EFI stub support

That's it
Save and exit (Save → Exit), then:
#+end_src

time to build the kernel:

#+begin_src
make
make modules_install
#+end_src

Copy these boot files...
Change ownership of this for BLFS
#+begin_src
chown -R 0:0 ../linux-6.16.1
#+end_src

Skip the modprobe, we didnt do anything with usb ports so we are good.
We're ready to install grub.

** GRUB
Skip all of this, just go straight to BLFS page because we are on UEFI, not bios.
I've installed grub over 100 times on efi, we can just do the following:

mount the efi vars:

#+begin_src
# mount efivarfs
mountpoint /sys/firmware/efi/efivars || mount -v -t efivarfs efivarfs /sys/firmware/efi/efivars

# Add efivarfs to fstab
cat >> /etc/fstab << "EOF"
efivarfs /sys/firmware/efi/efivars efivarfs defaults 0 0
EOF

# Install GRUB
grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi --bootloader-id=LFS --recheck

# Generate config
We need to generate a minimal grub config here, we can do so by just pasting this in here:
cat > /boot/grub/grub.cfg << EOF
# Begin /boot/grub/grub.cfg
set default=0
set timeout=5

insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
set root=(hd0,3)

insmod efi_gop
insmod efi_uga
if loadfont /boot/grub/fonts/unicode.pf2; then
  terminal_output gfxterm
fi

menuentry "GNU/Linux, Linux 6.16.1-lfs-12.4" {
  linux   /boot/vmlinuz-6.16.1-lfs-12.4 root=/dev/vda3 ro
}

menuentry "Firmware Setup" {
  fwsetup
}
EOF
#+end_src

Note i've changed sda to vda here, and 2 to 3, because that is where my root file system is.
I cant believe I'm about to say this but its finally time to reboot into our LFS system..

* Reboot and Pray:

#+begin_src
# Exit chroot
logout

# Unmount everything (from live CD)
umount -v /mnt/lfs/dev/pts
umount -v /mnt/lfs/dev
umount -v /mnt/lfs/run
umount -v /mnt/lfs/proc
umount -v /mnt/lfs/sys
umount -v /mnt/lfs/boot/efi
umount -v /mnt/lfs

# Reboot
reboot
#+end_src

* Final Thoughts:

Alright, that's it. We just built an entire Linux system from scratch. This is probably
the most educational project you can do in Linux.

We compiled over 80 packages, built a custom kernel, configured a bootloader, and created
a fully functional system. You now understand how Linux works at a fundamental level - how
packages depend on each other, how the toolchain works, how the boot process functions.

This is just the base LFS system. From here, you can continue with BLFS (Beyond Linux From
Scratch) to add X11, desktop environments, browsers, and all the software you actually use
day to day.

If you provide proof that you installed LFS using this guide, I will give you a special role in my discord server.

Thanks so much for checking out this tutorial. If you got value from it, and you want to find more tutorials like this, check out
my youtube channel here: [[https://youtube.com/@tony-btw][YouTube]], or my website here: [[https://www.tonybtw.com][tony,btw]]

You can support me here: [[https://ko-fi.com/tonybtw][kofi]]
1	`#+TITLE: Linux From Scratch`
2	`#+AUTHOR: Tony, btw`
3	`#+date: 2025-10-22`
4	`#+HUGO_TITLE: How to Install Linux from Scratch`
5	`#+HUGO_FRONT_MATTER_FORMAT: yaml`
6	`#+HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER: :image "/img/lfs.png" :showTableOfContents true`
7	`#+HUGO_BASE_DIR: ~/repos/tonybtw.com`
8	`#+HUGO_SECTION: tutorial/linux-from-scratch`
9	`#+EXPORT_FILE_NAME: index`
10	`#+OPTIONS: toc:nil broken-links:mark`
11	`#+HUGO_AUTO_SET_HEADLINE_SECTION: nil`
12	`#+DESCRIPTION: This is a slow, and painful tutorial on how to install linux from scratch in 2026. We go over the entire lfs book, from 0 to booting into our LFS system. A challenging, but educational and rewarding process.`
13
14	`* Intro`
15	`What's up guys, my name is Tony, and today, I'm gonna give you a slow and painful guide on installing Linux from Scratch.`
16	`* Chapter 1 - Introduction:`
17	`** Install Gentoo ISO`
18
19	`For the iso image, we're going to use the gentoo gui live cd, and drop into a tty immediatly, and ssh to it from another machine. This is because it will already have all of the required tools needed to compile all the software, and other than that it is relatively minimal.`
20
21	`** Setup ISO, and enable SSH`
22
23	`Let's boot into our Gentoo Live CD. I see this kde nonsense, lets just drop into a tty right on with Control Alt F2, and lets do a few things.`
24
25	`Let's begin by creating a root password on this machine, and switching to root, and enabling ssh. Now we check the ip here with ip a, and then we can ssh to it from our other machine.`
26
27	`#+begin_src sh`
28	`sudo passwd root`
29	`su`
30	`rc-service sshd start`
31	`ip a`
32	`#+end_src`
33
34	`ssh root@192.168.x.x`
35
36	`** Testing Versions:`
37
38	`We need to prepare for this by testing the versions of our toolchain. Let's run this script here on the lfs manual like so:`
39
40	`And here's the output:`